My recent reading has included two interesting books, each something of a classic in its own field and each a strong defence of freedom: Don Juan by Byron and After Virtue by Alasdair MacIntyre.
Don Juan was a revelation to me – not least, because I had never before read anything much by Byron apart from what turned out to be snippets from this hefty work (unfinished, as all great English epics must be). Think "The Isles of Greece, the Isles of Greece ... Eternal summer gilds them yet, But all, except their Sun, is set".
The great thing about the 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale is that you can never be certain when he's being serious. Famously described by his one time lover, Lady Caroline Lamb, as "mad, bad and dangerous to know", Byron loved nothing better than taking pot shots at the great and the good of his day. Writing just a few years after Waterloo, he's merciless towards the Duke of Wellington, but his greatest scorn is reserved for his fellow poets – not Shelley and Keats, with whom he will forever be associated, but Wordsworth ("incomprehensible"), Coleridge ("drunk") and especially Robert Southey, the Poet Laureate ("mediocre").
It's not often you read a poem and laugh aloud, but this self-described "satirical epic" has just that effect. Don Juan might fizzle out a bit towards the end, but then Byron himself was fizzling out, so I suppose he can be forgiven. The following three extracts give a taste of the depth of the man, and his importance as both philosopher and poet.
Deep, wordless ire of the human heart (Canto 3)
"The cubless tigress in her jungle raging
Is dreadful to the shepherd and the flock;
The ocean when its yeasty war is waging
Is awful to the vessel near the rock;
But violent things will sooner bear assuaging,
Their fury being spent by its own shock,
Than the stern, single, deep, and wordless ire
Of a strong human heart, and in a sire."
Sanctifying excess of love by power to bless (Canto 4)
"Juan and Haidee gazed upon each other
With swimming looks of speechless tenderness,
Which mix'd all feelings, friend, child, lover, brother,
All that the best can mingle and express
When two pure hearts are pour'd in one another,
And love too much, and yet can not love less;
But almost sanctify the sweet excess
By the immortal wish and power to bless."
On tyranny (Canto 9)
"And I will war, at least in words (and – should
My chance so happen – deeds), with all who war
With Thought; – and of Thought's foes by far most rude,
Tyrants and sycophants have been and are.
I know not who may conquer: if I could
Have such a prescience, it should be no bar
To this my plain, sworn, downright detestation
Of every depotism in every nation.
It is not that I adulate the people:
Without me, there are demagogues enough,
And infidels, to pull down every steeple,
And set up in their stead some proper stuff.
Whether they may sow scepticism to reap hell,
As is the Christian dogma rather rough,
I do not know;—I wish men to be free
As much from mobs as kings—from you as me.
The consequence is, being of no party,
I shall offend all parties: never mind!
My words, at least, are more sincere and hearty
Than if I sought to sail before the wind.
He who has nought to gain can have small art: he
Who neither wishes to be bound nor bind,
May still expatiate freely, as will I,
Nor give my voice to slavery's jackal cry."
More on After Virtue when I've finished it.